in the Rhind Mathematical Papyrus, a copy of an older Middle Kingdom text) for the construction of pyramids, paving the way for the field of trigonometry. Early 2nd millennium BC: Similar triangles and side-ratios are studied in Egypt (e.g.2100 BC: The concept of area is first recognised in Babylonian clay tablets, and 3-dimensional volume is discussed in an Egyptian papyrus.1800 BC: Fractions were first studied by the Egyptians in their study of Egyptian fractions.The Indus Valley may have been the major innovator on this, as the first measurement devices (rulers, protractors, weighing scales) were invented in Lothal in Gujarat, India. Around 3000 BC: Units of measurement are developed in the major Bronze Age civilisations: Egypt, Mesopotamia, Elam and the Indus Valley.Mathematics Numbers, measurement and arithmetic ![]() It is to be noted that the Indus Valley script remains undeciphered and there are very little surviving fragments of its writing, thus any inference about scientific discoveries in the region must be made based only on archaeological digs. For context, the major civilizations of this period are Egypt, Mesopotamia, and the Indus Valley, with Greece rising in importance towards the end of the third millennium BC. Many early innovations of the Bronze Age were requirements resulting from the increase in trade, and this also applies to the scientific advances of this period. 7.1.4 Numerical mathematics and algorithms.7.1.1 Numbers, measurement and arithmetic.6.3 Astronomical and geospatial measurements.6.1.5 Numerical mathematics and algorithms.6.1.2 Number theory and discrete mathematics.5.3 Astronomical and geospatial measurements.5.1.6 Numerical mathematics and algorithms.5.1.3 Number theory and discrete mathematics.5.1.1 Numbers, measurement and arithmetic.4.4 Astronomical and geospatial measurements.4.1.5 Numerical mathematics and algorithms.4.1.3 Number theory and discrete mathematics.4.1.1 Numbers, measurement and arithmetic.3.5 Astronomical and geospatial measurements.3.1.7 Numerical mathematics and algorithms.3.1.4 Number theory and discrete mathematics.3.1.2 Numbers, measurement and arithmetic.2.1.2 Number theory and discrete mathematics.1.1.5 Numerical mathematics and algorithms.1.1.4 Number theory and discrete mathematics.1.1.1 Numbers, measurement and arithmetic. ![]() To avoid overlap with Timeline of historic inventions, we do not list examples of documentation for manufactured substances and devices unless they reveal a more fundamental leap in the theoretical ideas in a field. We begin our timeline at the Bronze Age, as it is difficult to estimate the timeline before this point, such as of the discovery of counting, natural numbers and arithmetic. For the purposes of this article, we do not regard mere speculation as discovery, although imperfect reasoned arguments, arguments based on elegance/simplicity, and numerically/experimentally verified conjectures qualify (as otherwise no scientific discovery before the late 19th century would count). The timeline below shows the date of publication of possible major scientific breakthroughs, theories and discoveries, along with the discoverer.
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